| Peer-Reviewed

Hip Fractures in Elderly Stroke Patients - The Role of Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis

Received: 15 September 2020     Accepted: 24 September 2020     Published: 7 October 2020
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Both hip fractures and stroke are common in elderly patients and hip fractures are especially prevalent in elderly stroke patients. This literature review is an attempt to explore the evidence for strategies to reduce hip fractures in stroke patients, the role of sarcopenia and osteoporosis in causing them and current and potential management strategies. A narrative approach was adopted in reviewing the evidence available on hip fractures in stroke patients, with regard to their incidence and prevalence, the role of sarcopenia and osteoporosis in their genesis and the evidence available for hip fracture prevention in stroke patients. I also attempt to explore the potential role of targeting muscle and bone as one unit in future therapeutic strategies. Although there are encouraging results from clinical trials on therapeutic interventions to prevent hip fractures in stroke patients, larger, more robustly designed studies are needed to validate many of the findings. Some evidence exists that suggest that hip fractures risk can be reduced in stroke patients but the findings need validation in larger more robust trials. Moreover it is clear that sarcopenia and osteoporosis are implicated in hip fractures in stroke and non-stroke elderly patients. A consensus on the definition of sarcopenia would also aid clarification of findings from studies.

Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200605.11
Page(s) 85-90
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Stroke, Osteoporosis, Sarcopenia, Fractures, Osteosarcopenia

References
[1] Anderson A. G, Seiger A., Appelos P. Hip fractures In Persons with Stroke. Stroke resource Treatment: 954279. Doi: 10.1155/2013/954279.
[2] Kang J, Chung S, Xirasager S, Jaw F, Lin H. Increased Risk Of Stroke In The Year After A Hip Fracture: A population-based follow up study. Stroke 2011; 42: 336-341.
[3] Scherbakov N, Sandek A, Doehner W. Stroke-related Sarcopenia: Specific characteristics. J Am Mrd Dir Assoc 2015; 16 (4): 272-276.
[4] Hunnicutt J. L, Gregory C. M. Skeletal Muscle Changes Following Stroke: a systematic review and comparison to healthy individuals. Topics In Stroke Rehabilitation 2017; 24 (6): 463-471.
[5] Yoshimura Y, Wakabayashi H, Bise T, Tanoue M. Prevalence of Sarcopenia and its association with activities of daily living and dysphagia in convalescent Ward Patients. Clinical Nutrition 2018; 37 (6): 2022-2028.
[6] Foster E. J, Barlas R. S, Bettencourt-Silva J. H, Clark A. B et al. Longterm Factors Associated With Falls and Fractures Post-Stroke. Frontiers in Neurology 2018; doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00210.
[7] Greco E. A, Pietschmann P, Migliaccio S. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia Increaase Frailty Syndrome In The Elderly. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2019; doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00253.
[8] Kanis J, Oden A, Johnell O. Acute and long-term increase in fracture risk after hospitalization for stroke. Stroke. 2001; 32 (3): 702–706.
[9] Pouwels S, Lalmohamed A, Leufkens B, et al. Risk of hip/femur fracture after stroke: a population-based case-control study. Stroke. 2009; 40 (10): 3281–3285.
[10] Dennis MS, Lo KM, McDowall M, West T. Fractures after stroke: frequency, types, and associations. Stroke. 2002; 33 (3): 728–734.
[11] Vadas D, Kalichman L. Post-stroke hip fracture in older people: A narrative review. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2016; 23 (2): 1759-1779.
[12] Fisher A, Srikusalanukai W, Davis M and Smith P. Post-stroke Hip Fracture: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, Mineral-Bone Metabolism, Outcomes and Gaps in Prevention. Stroke Research and Treatment 2013; doi.org/10.1155/2013/641943.
[13] Northius C, Crandall C. J, Margolis K. L,, Diem S. J, Ensrud K. E, Wactawski-Wende J, Lakshminarayan K. Association Between Post-stroke Disability and 5-year Hip-fracture Risk: the Women’s Health Initiative. Circulation. 2019; 139 (1): doi.org/10.1161/circ.139.
[14] Huo K, Hashim S. I, Yong K. I. Y, Su H, Ou O. Impact and risk factors of post-stroke bone fracture. World Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2016; 6 (1): 1-8.
[15] Scherbakov N, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Dirnagl U, Doehner W. Stroke- induced Sarcopenia: muscle wasting and disability after stroke. Int J Cardiol. 2013; 170 (2): 89-94. Epub 2013 Oct 14.
[16] Yao B, Klein C. S, Hu H, Li S, Zhou P. Motor Unit Properties Of The First Dorsal Interosseous In Chronic Stroke Subjects: Concentric Needle and Single Fibre EMG Analysis. Frontiers In Physiology 2018; doi.org/10.3389/phys.2018.01587.
[17] Wakabayashi H, Sakuna K. Rehabilitation nutrition for Sarcopenia with disability: a combination of both rehabilitation and nutrition care management. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014 Dec; 5 (4): 269–277.
[18] Jou M. J. Pathophysiology and Pharmacological implications of mitochondrial targeted reactive oxygen species generation in astrocytes. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2008; 60 (13-14): 1512-1526.
[19] Yin H, Price F, Rudnicki MA. Satellite cells and the muscle stem cell niche. Physiol Rev. 2013; 93 (1): 23-67. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2011.
[20] Reginster J, Beaudart C, Buckinx F and Bruyere O. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia: two diseases or one? Current Opinions on Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2016; 19 (1): 31-36.
[21] Locquet M, Beaudart C, Durieux N, Reginster J and Bruvere O. Relationship between the changes over time of bone mass and muscle health in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2019; 20 (429).
[22] Yang FZ, Jehu DAM, Ouyang H, Lam FMH, Pang MYC. The impact of stroke on bone properties and muscle-bone relationship: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2020; 31 (2): 211-224. doi: 10.1007/s00198-019-05175-4. Epub 2019.
[23] Gandolfi M, Smania N, Vella A, Chirumbolo S. Assessed and Emerging Biomarkers in Stroke and Training-mediated Stroke Recovery: State of the Art. Neural Plasticity 2017; doi.org/10.1155/2017/1389475.
[24] Brotto M & Johnson M. L. Endocrine crosstalk between and muscle. Current Osteoporosis Reports 2014; 12: 135–141.
[25] Cardozo C. P., Graham Z. A. Muscle-bone interactions: Movement in the field of mechano-humoral coupling of muscle and bone. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2017 doi: 10.1111/nyas.13411.
[26] Alemdaroglu, E.; Ucan, H.; Topcuoglu, A. M.; Sivas, F. In-hospital predictors of falls in community-dwelling individuals after stroke in the first 6 months after a baseline evaluation: A prospective cohort study. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2012, 93, 2244–2250.
[27] Ciobanu N, Ciobanu S. Femoral neck fractures in patients with stroke sequelae. The Moldovan Medical Journal 2017; 60 (2) DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1050980.
[28] Axpe E, Chan D, Abegaz MF, Schreurs A-S, Alwood JS, Globus RK, et al. A human mission to Mars: Predicting the bone mineral density loss of astronauts. PLoS ONE (2020); 15 (1): e0226434. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226434.
[29] Varacallo M, Pizzutillo P. Osteoporosis in Spinal Cord Injuries. [Updated 2020 Jan 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526109/.
[30] Borschmann K, Pang MY, Bernhardt J, Iuliano-Burns S. Stepping towards prevention of bone loss after stroke: a systematic review of the skeletal effects of physical activity after stroke. Int J Stroke. 2012; 7 (4): 330-5.
[31] Lazoura O, Groumas N, Antoniadou E, Papadaki P. J, Papadimitriou A, Thriskes P, Fezoulidis I, Viychou M. Bone Mineral Density Alterations in Upper and Lower Extremities 12 Months after Stroke measured by Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography and DXA. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 2008; 11 (4): 511-517.
[32] Maimoun L, Fattal C, Sultan C. Bone remodelling and calcium homeostasis in patients with spinal cord injury: a review. Metabolism 2011; 60 (12): 1655-1663.
[33] Selim F. O, Fahmi R. O, Ali A. E, Raafat N and Elsaid A. F. Serum Vitamin D levels in acute stroke patients. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery 2019; 55 (80): doi.org/10.1186/s41983-019-0129-0.
[34] Gommans J, Yi Q, Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ, Chen C, Rodgers H. The effect of homocysteine-lowering with B-vitamins on osteoporotic fractures in patients with cerebrovascular disease: substudy of VITATOPS, a randomised placebo-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2013; 13 (1): 1.
[35] Pang M. Y. C, Zhang M, Li L. S. W, Jones A. Y. M. Changes in bone density and geometry of the radius in chronic stroke and related factors: A one-year prospective study. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2013; 13 (1): 77-88.
[36] Denissen S, Staring W, Kunkel D, Pickering R, Lennon S. G, Alexander C. H., Weerdesteyn, V and Verheyden G. Interventions for preventing falls in people after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019; doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD008728.pub3.
[37] Borschmann K. Exercise Protects Bone after Stroke, or Does It? A Narrative Review of the Evidence. Stroke Research and Treatment 2012: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012.
[38] Pang M. Y, Eng J. J, Dawson A. S, Gylfadottir S. The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2006 Feb; 20 (2): 97-111.
[39] Pang M, Eng J. J, Ashe M, Mckay H. A. A 19 week exercise program for people with chronic stroke enhances bone geometry at the tibia: A peripheral quantitative computed tomography study. Osteoporosis International 2006; 17 (11): 1615-25.
[40] Eng J. J, Pang M. Y. C, Ashe M. C. Balance, falls, and bone health: Role of exercise in reducing fracture risk after stroke. Journal Of Rehabilitation, Research and Development 2008; 45 (2): 297-314.
[41] Momosaki R, Abo M, Urashima M. Vitamin D Supplementation and Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11 (6): 1295. Doi.org/10.3390/nu 11061295.
[42] Poole KE, Loveridge N, Rose CM, Warburton EA, Reeve J. A single infusion of zoledronate prevents bone loss after stroke. Stroke. 2007; 38 (5): 1519-25.
[43] Hsieh C, Sung S and Huang H. Drug treatment strategies for osteoporosis in stroke patients. Expert Opinion On Pharmacotherapy 2020; 21 (7): 811–821.
[44] Tagliaferri C, Wittrant Y, Davicco MJ et al. Muscle and bone, two interconnected tissues. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 21: 55–57.
[45] Kaji H. Interaction between Muscle and Bone. Journal of Bone Metabolism 2014; 21 (1): 29.
[46] Demontiero O, Boersma D, Suriyaarachchi P, Duque G. Clinical outcomes of impaired muscle and bone interactions. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2014; 12: 86–92.
[47] Carbonel J. W and Pasiakos S. M. Dietary Protein and Muscle Mass: Translating Science to Application and Health Benefit. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (5): 1136. doi: 10.3390/nu11051136.
[48] Hong A. R, Kim S. W. Effects of Resistance Exercise on Bone Health. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2018; 33 (4): 435–444. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2018.33.4.435.
[49] Bonnet N, Bourgoin L, Biver E, Douni E, Ferrari S. RANKL inhibition improves muscle strength and insulin sensitivity and restores bone mass. J Clin Invest. 2019; 129 (8): 3214-3223. doi: 10.1172/JCI125915.
[50] Lin S, Wang J, Liang C, Huang H. Statin Use Is Associated With Decreased Osteoporosis and Fracture Risks in Stroke Patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2018; 103 (9): 3439–3448.
[51] Park Y. J, Park S. W, Lee H. S. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Whole Body Vibration in Stroke Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2018; 2018: 5083634. doi: 10.1155/2018/5083634.
[52] Guo, S; Wang, Y; Kun, W; Long, J; Xing, L; Huang, Z; Yi, Y; Miramini, S; Zhang, L, Robot-assisted weight-bearing exercise for stroke patients with limited mobility, Journal Of Low Frequency Noise Vibration And Active Control 2019; 38 (2): 879-892.
[53] Smith E. E, Fang. J, Alibhai S. M, Cram P, Cheung A. M, Casaubon L. K, Kapoor E,. Austin P. C,. Kapral M. K et al. Derivation and External Validation of a Scoring System for Predicting Fracture Risk After Ischemic Stroke in a Canadian Cohort. JAMA Neurol. 2019; 76 (8): 925-931. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1114.
[54] Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, Cooper C, Landi F, Rolland Y, Sayer A. A, Schneider S. M, Sieber C. C, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Visser M, Zamboni M; Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), and the Extended Group for EWGSOP2. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019; 48 (1): 16-31. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy169.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Nonyelum Obiechina, Atef Michael, Angela Nandi, Rachit Adlakha, Amy Davis, et al. (2020). Hip Fractures in Elderly Stroke Patients - The Role of Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 6(5), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200605.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Nonyelum Obiechina; Atef Michael; Angela Nandi; Rachit Adlakha; Amy Davis, et al. Hip Fractures in Elderly Stroke Patients - The Role of Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2020, 6(5), 85-90. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200605.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Nonyelum Obiechina, Atef Michael, Angela Nandi, Rachit Adlakha, Amy Davis, et al. Hip Fractures in Elderly Stroke Patients - The Role of Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis. Int J Clin Exp Med Sci. 2020;6(5):85-90. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200605.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20200605.11,
      author = {Nonyelum Obiechina and Atef Michael and Angela Nandi and Rachit Adlakha and Amy Davis and Alicia Barnes},
      title = {Hip Fractures in Elderly Stroke Patients - The Role of Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis},
      journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
      volume = {6},
      number = {5},
      pages = {85-90},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20200605.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200605.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20200605.11},
      abstract = {Both hip fractures and stroke are common in elderly patients and hip fractures are especially prevalent in elderly stroke patients. This literature review is an attempt to explore the evidence for strategies to reduce hip fractures in stroke patients, the role of sarcopenia and osteoporosis in causing them and current and potential management strategies. A narrative approach was adopted in reviewing the evidence available on hip fractures in stroke patients, with regard to their incidence and prevalence, the role of sarcopenia and osteoporosis in their genesis and the evidence available for hip fracture prevention in stroke patients. I also attempt to explore the potential role of targeting muscle and bone as one unit in future therapeutic strategies. Although there are encouraging results from clinical trials on therapeutic interventions to prevent hip fractures in stroke patients, larger, more robustly designed studies are needed to validate many of the findings. Some evidence exists that suggest that hip fractures risk can be reduced in stroke patients but the findings need validation in larger more robust trials. Moreover it is clear that sarcopenia and osteoporosis are implicated in hip fractures in stroke and non-stroke elderly patients. A consensus on the definition of sarcopenia would also aid clarification of findings from studies.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Hip Fractures in Elderly Stroke Patients - The Role of Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis
    AU  - Nonyelum Obiechina
    AU  - Atef Michael
    AU  - Angela Nandi
    AU  - Rachit Adlakha
    AU  - Amy Davis
    AU  - Alicia Barnes
    Y1  - 2020/10/07
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200605.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200605.11
    T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
    JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
    JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
    SP  - 85
    EP  - 90
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2469-8032
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200605.11
    AB  - Both hip fractures and stroke are common in elderly patients and hip fractures are especially prevalent in elderly stroke patients. This literature review is an attempt to explore the evidence for strategies to reduce hip fractures in stroke patients, the role of sarcopenia and osteoporosis in causing them and current and potential management strategies. A narrative approach was adopted in reviewing the evidence available on hip fractures in stroke patients, with regard to their incidence and prevalence, the role of sarcopenia and osteoporosis in their genesis and the evidence available for hip fracture prevention in stroke patients. I also attempt to explore the potential role of targeting muscle and bone as one unit in future therapeutic strategies. Although there are encouraging results from clinical trials on therapeutic interventions to prevent hip fractures in stroke patients, larger, more robustly designed studies are needed to validate many of the findings. Some evidence exists that suggest that hip fractures risk can be reduced in stroke patients but the findings need validation in larger more robust trials. Moreover it is clear that sarcopenia and osteoporosis are implicated in hip fractures in stroke and non-stroke elderly patients. A consensus on the definition of sarcopenia would also aid clarification of findings from studies.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • University Hospitals of Derby and Burton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Queens Hospital, Burton-on-Trent, United Kingdom

  • Russel Hall Hospital, Dudley Group National Health Service Foundation Trust, Dudley, United Kingdom

  • University Hospitals of Derby and Burton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Queens Hospital, Burton-on-Trent, United Kingdom

  • Health Education England, Birmingham, United Kingdom

  • Heart of England National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom

  • University Hospitals of Derby and Burton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Queens Hospital, Burton-on-Trent, United Kingdom

  • Sections