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Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study

Received: 17 July 2020     Accepted: 30 July 2020     Published: 20 August 2020
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Abstract

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains as one of the global epidemic of Non Communicable Diseases. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), as one of its complications, has a prevalence of 35.4% worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for DR among DM patients attending Diabetic Clinic in Malakia Health Center, Juba, South Sudan. Design and Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which diabetic patients attending Diabetic clinic, Malakia Health Center, were recruited for a period of Six months. All Diabetic patients were included and their demographic data recorded. Clinical data of duration of diabetes and hypertension were noted. Their Visual acuity, Blood pressure, Height, Weight, and Random blood sugar were measured. Eyes were examined and anterior segment diseases diagnosed. Funduscopy was done to determine posterior segment diseases and DR classified. Data were entered into SPSS version 22, analyzed and results expressed in statistical tables. Any result of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 108 patients and 216 eyes examined, males were 55.6% (60) and females 44.4% (48) with ages ranging from 23 to 75yrs, mean age of 51.1yrs (SD+/10.67). Patients with age 46-65 years had the highest 64.8% (70) and 18-35 years as the lowest 6.5% (8) with p>0.05. Most of these patients 39.8% (43) were from Kator block residential area with p>0.05. Type I DM were 27.8% (30) and Type II 72.2% (78) with p>0.05. DR prevalence was 13% (28) with NPDR the highest 11.6% (25) and PDR the lowest 0.5% (1) with p<0.05. No DR was 64% (139). DME was 7.4% (16) and cataract 3.7% (8). Risk factors for DR among the patients showed that the highest duration of DM was in >5yrs 68.5% (74) with p>0.05, uncontrolled blood glucose was 81.5% (88) with p>0.05, known hypertensive was 48.1% (52), high blood pressure (>120/80 mmHg) was 43.5% (41) with p>0.05 and BMI (>30kg/m2 was 23.1% (25) with p<0.05. There were 12% (25), 20% (44), and 68% (147) eyes blind, visual impairment and normal respectively due DR and the other eye conditions (p<0.05). Chi-square test showed BMI, BP and visual acuity were the only strongly associated to DR with P values of 0.007, 0.001 and 0.000 respectively. Conclusion: The study had shown, for the first time in South Sudan, the prevalence of DR as 13% with some of its risk factors. This will influence policy makers to develop strategies to improve management of DM and DR in the country.

Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
Page(s) 79-84
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Retinopathy, Prevalence, Diabetic Clinic, South Sudan

References
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  • APA Style

    Kenneth Lado Sube, Joseph Daniel Lako, Wani Gindalang Mena, Oromo Francis Seriano, Ader Macar Ader, et al. (2020). Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 6(4), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15

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    ACS Style

    Kenneth Lado Sube; Joseph Daniel Lako; Wani Gindalang Mena; Oromo Francis Seriano; Ader Macar Ader, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2020, 6(4), 79-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15

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    AMA Style

    Kenneth Lado Sube, Joseph Daniel Lako, Wani Gindalang Mena, Oromo Francis Seriano, Ader Macar Ader, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study. Int J Clin Exp Med Sci. 2020;6(4):79-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15,
      author = {Kenneth Lado Sube and Joseph Daniel Lako and Wani Gindalang Mena and Oromo Francis Seriano and Ader Macar Ader and Richard Lado Lako and Charles Ochero Langoya and Anthony Yousepha Lasuba and Justin Bruno Tongun and Constatine Jervase Yak},
      title = {Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study},
      journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
      volume = {6},
      number = {4},
      pages = {79-84},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20200604.15},
      abstract = {Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains as one of the global epidemic of Non Communicable Diseases. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), as one of its complications, has a prevalence of 35.4% worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for DR among DM patients attending Diabetic Clinic in Malakia Health Center, Juba, South Sudan. Design and Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which diabetic patients attending Diabetic clinic, Malakia Health Center, were recruited for a period of Six months. All Diabetic patients were included and their demographic data recorded. Clinical data of duration of diabetes and hypertension were noted. Their Visual acuity, Blood pressure, Height, Weight, and Random blood sugar were measured. Eyes were examined and anterior segment diseases diagnosed. Funduscopy was done to determine posterior segment diseases and DR classified. Data were entered into SPSS version 22, analyzed and results expressed in statistical tables. Any result of pResults: Out of 108 patients and 216 eyes examined, males were 55.6% (60) and females 44.4% (48) with ages ranging from 23 to 75yrs, mean age of 51.1yrs (SD+/10.67). Patients with age 46-65 years had the highest 64.8% (70) and 18-35 years as the lowest 6.5% (8) with p>0.05. Most of these patients 39.8% (43) were from Kator block residential area with p>0.05. Type I DM were 27.8% (30) and Type II 72.2% (78) with p>0.05. DR prevalence was 13% (28) with NPDR the highest 11.6% (25) and PDR the lowest 0.5% (1) with p5yrs 68.5% (74) with p>0.05, uncontrolled blood glucose was 81.5% (88) with p>0.05, known hypertensive was 48.1% (52), high blood pressure (>120/80 mmHg) was 43.5% (41) with p>0.05 and BMI (>30kg/m2 was 23.1% (25) with pConclusion: The study had shown, for the first time in South Sudan, the prevalence of DR as 13% with some of its risk factors. This will influence policy makers to develop strategies to improve management of DM and DR in the country.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study
    AU  - Kenneth Lado Sube
    AU  - Joseph Daniel Lako
    AU  - Wani Gindalang Mena
    AU  - Oromo Francis Seriano
    AU  - Ader Macar Ader
    AU  - Richard Lado Lako
    AU  - Charles Ochero Langoya
    AU  - Anthony Yousepha Lasuba
    AU  - Justin Bruno Tongun
    AU  - Constatine Jervase Yak
    Y1  - 2020/08/20
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
    T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
    JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
    JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
    SP  - 79
    EP  - 84
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2469-8032
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
    AB  - Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains as one of the global epidemic of Non Communicable Diseases. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), as one of its complications, has a prevalence of 35.4% worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for DR among DM patients attending Diabetic Clinic in Malakia Health Center, Juba, South Sudan. Design and Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which diabetic patients attending Diabetic clinic, Malakia Health Center, were recruited for a period of Six months. All Diabetic patients were included and their demographic data recorded. Clinical data of duration of diabetes and hypertension were noted. Their Visual acuity, Blood pressure, Height, Weight, and Random blood sugar were measured. Eyes were examined and anterior segment diseases diagnosed. Funduscopy was done to determine posterior segment diseases and DR classified. Data were entered into SPSS version 22, analyzed and results expressed in statistical tables. Any result of pResults: Out of 108 patients and 216 eyes examined, males were 55.6% (60) and females 44.4% (48) with ages ranging from 23 to 75yrs, mean age of 51.1yrs (SD+/10.67). Patients with age 46-65 years had the highest 64.8% (70) and 18-35 years as the lowest 6.5% (8) with p>0.05. Most of these patients 39.8% (43) were from Kator block residential area with p>0.05. Type I DM were 27.8% (30) and Type II 72.2% (78) with p>0.05. DR prevalence was 13% (28) with NPDR the highest 11.6% (25) and PDR the lowest 0.5% (1) with p5yrs 68.5% (74) with p>0.05, uncontrolled blood glucose was 81.5% (88) with p>0.05, known hypertensive was 48.1% (52), high blood pressure (>120/80 mmHg) was 43.5% (41) with p>0.05 and BMI (>30kg/m2 was 23.1% (25) with pConclusion: The study had shown, for the first time in South Sudan, the prevalence of DR as 13% with some of its risk factors. This will influence policy makers to develop strategies to improve management of DM and DR in the country.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • College of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan

  • College of Industrial and Applied Sciences, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan

  • Department of Ophthalmology, Juba Teaching Hospital, Juba, South Sudan

  • College of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan

  • College of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan

  • Directorate of Research and Policy, National Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan

  • College of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

  • College of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan

  • College of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan

  • Faculty of Medicine, University of Bahr El Ghazal, Wau, South Sudan

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